https://rodnieoro.com/home daily 0.75 2026-10-12 https://rodnieoro.com/home/bypass-graft-stenting monthly 0.5 2026-10-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/66439b6e-dd11-43ff-9fcf-725693ed0e45/bypass-graft-stenting-overview.jpg Blogs - Bypass graft stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/5fc86584-5c69-44b6-8c66-3e02121eb192/bypass-graft-stenting-before-the-procedure.jpg Blogs - Bypass graft stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/405e1634-57d8-4477-ad2c-c2b5fc922fdf/bypass-graft-stenting-access-route.jpg Blogs - Bypass graft stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/07278d42-de08-4b61-90ee-f2217afa3e1b/bypass-graft-stenting-steps.jpg Blogs - Bypass graft stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/422bfd56-2cab-45b4-ad9c-de6cbe6654ff/bypass-graft-stenting-kit-overview.jpg Blogs - Bypass graft stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/4b5ff39f-3de7-459b-af2d-f807bef8da44/bypass-graft-stenting-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Bypass graft stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://rodnieoro.com/home/distal-embolic-protection monthly 0.5 2026-10-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/64762f27-d2d5-498d-94ec-5c8754070e85/distal-embolic-protection-overview.jpg Blogs - Distal embolic protection: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/2a65cf72-e954-4a02-a758-9e3bb1342846/distal-embolic-protection-before-the-procedure.jpg Blogs - Distal embolic protection: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/d2e0cda4-aa20-468d-90ba-52070ea4d47a/distal-embolic-protection-access-route.jpg Blogs - Distal embolic protection: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/9b8b1c91-c086-4001-b799-f5bcb9c0c51c/distal-embolic-protection-steps.jpg Blogs - Distal embolic protection: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/bc28f813-5eb0-4486-b0d3-0c77bf574b22/distal-embolic-protection-kit-overview.jpg Blogs - Distal embolic protection: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/585ba31a-9f88-4ea5-80cc-c260fcd40d51/distal-embolic-protection-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Distal embolic protection: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://rodnieoro.com/home/cutting-balloon-angioplasty monthly 0.5 2026-10-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/80e268ae-5c06-4ba0-ac16-7acd1d1efacd/cutting-balloon-angioplasty-overview.jpg Blogs - Cutting and scoring balloon angioplasty: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/1ce9354a-ccea-4f17-bfa5-06c2b90d4132/cutting-balloon-angioplasty-before-the-procedure.jpg Blogs - Cutting and scoring balloon angioplasty: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/24e96549-6835-446b-aa4d-1246df8dba84/cutting-balloon-angioplasty-access-route.jpg Blogs - Cutting and scoring balloon angioplasty: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/8f5a9b7c-66b0-48a4-8c69-353d637672c2/cutting-balloon-angioplasty-steps.jpg Blogs - Cutting and scoring balloon angioplasty: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/a021879f-5ccd-4169-9da1-6bbea243392c/cutting-balloon-angioplasty-kit-overview.jpg Blogs - Cutting and scoring balloon angioplasty: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/175cf51d-216f-4b98-a80b-ad983555da88/cutting-balloon-angioplasty-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Cutting and scoring balloon angioplasty: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://rodnieoro.com/home/coronary-atherectomy-rotational-orbital monthly 0.5 2026-10-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/d057afdd-f825-4eaf-86a2-3003d46629d1/coronary-atherectomy-rotational-orbital-overview.jpg Blogs - Rotational and orbital atherectomy: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A spinning tip modifies calcified plaque before stenting. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/44c91277-1e86-44bf-8b99-a8150544002e/coronary-atherectomy-rotational-orbital-before-the-procedure.jpg Blogs - Rotational and orbital atherectomy: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/d7b6ee7e-7daa-4327-85e9-26db0892c20e/coronary-atherectomy-rotational-orbital-access-route.jpg Blogs - Rotational and orbital atherectomy: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/a53a0f3e-26c5-415c-b27e-f78dd5be1a7b/coronary-atherectomy-rotational-orbital-steps.jpg Blogs - Rotational and orbital atherectomy: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/95d9b34e-ccf6-4176-8a44-46d464743bcd/coronary-atherectomy-rotational-orbital-kit-overview.jpg Blogs - Rotational and orbital atherectomy: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/e3f1e30c-1299-4b8a-96e9-25d58d9b021b/coronary-atherectomy-rotational-orbital-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Rotational and orbital atherectomy: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://rodnieoro.com/home/myocardial-metabolism-studies monthly 0.5 2026-10-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/2d8cd376-b02f-4456-a975-3161d0cc5a68/myocardial-metabolism-studies-overview.jpg Blogs - Myocardial metabolism studies (research): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Paired samples: blood in (artery) and blood out (coronary sinus). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/1b7aa7cb-da32-4c65-a61d-5158e0f999f4/myocardial-metabolism-studies-before-the-procedure.jpg Blogs - Myocardial metabolism studies (research): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Before the procedure: tests and consent, medicine advice, checks on the day, then the cath lab. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/2e8c7cb7-093a-418c-985b-836272da40e8/myocardial-metabolism-studies-access-route.jpg Blogs - Myocardial metabolism studies (research): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: Catheter in coronary sinus; Inferior vena cava; Sheath in right femoral vein. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/c8a0643d-3add-434a-9c24-77da7afb7953/myocardial-metabolism-studies-steps.jpg Blogs - Myocardial metabolism studies (research): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: find the coronary sinus. B: paired samples. C: repeat. D: finish. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/6590bad9-a317-4199-bc19-551682ee89c4/myocardial-metabolism-studies-kit-overview.jpg Blogs - Myocardial metabolism studies (research): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Main kit (generic): Sheath; Guidewire; Sinus catheter; Sample tubes. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/55812863-c94a-44f7-9d59-c4c85680c6be/myocardial-metabolism-studies-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Myocardial metabolism studies (research): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After the procedure: (1) Site and rhythm checks; (2) Home for most; (3) Avoid heavy lifting; (4) Results and plan. https://rodnieoro.com/home/cardiac-shunt-detection-oximetry monthly 0.5 2026-10-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/42069306-5e0e-43bf-be22-752d99894d0c/cardiac-shunt-detection-oximetry-overview.jpg Blogs - Shunt detection (oximetry run): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Oxygen samples from each chamber reveal a shunt. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/72f6e665-0ac6-4855-8ae5-54d9663b306f/cardiac-shunt-detection-oximetry-before-the-procedure.jpg Blogs - Shunt detection (oximetry run): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Before the procedure: tests and consent, medicine advice, checks on the day, then the cath lab. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/b16345d4-668f-467b-9723-42f2793fe149/cardiac-shunt-detection-oximetry-access-route.jpg Blogs - Shunt detection (oximetry run): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: Sampling catheter, right heart; Inferior vena cava; Sheath in right femoral vein. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/b0c4ed42-091f-4f6b-8f86-a704fa1ce8b9/cardiac-shunt-detection-oximetry-steps.jpg Blogs - Shunt detection (oximetry run): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: veins. B: right heart. C: lung artery. D: artery. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/fdfa75e4-040d-48b7-89f1-b5c6d33c9067/cardiac-shunt-detection-oximetry-kit-overview.jpg Blogs - Shunt detection (oximetry run): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Main kit (generic): Sheath; Guidewire; Catheter; Labelled syringes. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/6bd52468-9656-471f-8492-52368143abb1/cardiac-shunt-detection-oximetry-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Shunt detection (oximetry run): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After the procedure: (1) Site and rhythm checks; (2) Home for most; (3) Avoid heavy lifting; (4) Results and plan. https://rodnieoro.com/home/bypass-graft-angiography monthly 0.5 2026-10-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/d1f9306b-0106-4b03-9b94-5705dafae9f2/bypass-graft-angiography-overview.jpg Blogs - Bypass graft angiography: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Bypass grafts filled with contrast. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/693dff49-41d3-41b9-b7f5-1bb03ef99f30/bypass-graft-angiography-before-the-procedure.jpg Blogs - Bypass graft angiography: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Before the procedure: tests and consent, medicine advice, checks on the day, then the cath lab. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/d697c8bc-ec93-488b-a2e4-b3cf8a87c26a/bypass-graft-angiography-access-route.jpg Blogs - Bypass graft angiography: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: Catheter at the bypass grafts; Aorta; Sheath in right femoral artery. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/839469d4-1106-4ac0-bced-65c88ccaf21c/bypass-graft-angiography-steps.jpg Blogs - Bypass graft angiography: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: native arteries. B: vein grafts. C: mammary graft. D: review. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/113fdfcd-a947-4e0a-af03-9b6a7c79fe73/bypass-graft-angiography-kit-overview.jpg Blogs - Bypass graft angiography: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Main kit (generic): Sheath; Guidewire; Graft catheter; Surgical notes. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/fe01c9b3-837c-489e-877e-9ea5b1b2447c/bypass-graft-angiography-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Bypass graft angiography: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After the procedure: (1) Site and rhythm checks; (2) Home for most; (3) Avoid heavy lifting; (4) Results and plan. https://rodnieoro.com/home/pulmonary-angiography monthly 0.5 2026-10-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/99616fbd-09d2-4000-9527-b58ca7be6f13/pulmonary-angiography-overview.jpg Blogs - Pulmonary angiography: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Catheter in the pulmonary artery, with contrast in the lungs. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/30c47272-34e9-4e3c-9504-0f6777c97ca7/pulmonary-angiography-before-the-procedure.jpg Blogs - Pulmonary angiography: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/6921bd52-f274-43da-876e-0a6f3a72c9eb/pulmonary-angiography-access-route.jpg Blogs - Pulmonary angiography: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/27fae124-5b69-4ba3-bd43-5bcbd8428b7e/pulmonary-angiography-steps.jpg Blogs - Pulmonary angiography: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/e6b2d135-7256-43ea-971f-5053cec09c42/pulmonary-angiography-kit-overview.jpg Blogs - Pulmonary angiography: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/c71fec0d-7b8b-4404-b956-8e4f376d14de/pulmonary-angiography-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Pulmonary angiography: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://rodnieoro.com/home/right-and-left-heart-catheterisation monthly 0.5 2026-10-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/dd383dc6-b081-4a89-b9a0-8705fe917706/right-and-left-heart-catheterisation-overview.jpg Blogs - Right and left heart catheterisation: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Right heart catheter (vein) and left heart catheter (artery). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/eb1daa26-1d60-4515-979c-cede1c326385/right-and-left-heart-catheterisation-before-the-procedure.jpg Blogs - Right and left heart catheterisation: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Before the procedure: tests and consent, medicine advice, checks on the day, then the cath lab. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/d8935de5-cf9c-4a3c-b954-9d932253c7ac/right-and-left-heart-catheterisation-access-route.jpg Blogs - Right and left heart catheterisation: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: Catheter in the right heart; Inferior vena cava; Sheath in right femoral vein. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/5fcf9211-6637-4f34-a67c-a41596dd3ae0/right-and-left-heart-catheterisation-steps.jpg Blogs - Right and left heart catheterisation: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: right heart. B: wedge pressure. C: samples and output. D: left heart. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/3bf79ce1-0161-474d-ad9b-76846ac351cc/right-and-left-heart-catheterisation-kit-overview.jpg Blogs - Right and left heart catheterisation: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Main kit (generic): Sheath; Guidewire; Catheter; Pressure transducer. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/aa2be7cc-b7db-4d36-9fcb-e6450065d4ca/right-and-left-heart-catheterisation-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Right and left heart catheterisation: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After the procedure: (1) Site and rhythm checks; (2) Home for most; (3) Avoid heavy lifting; (4) Results and plan. https://rodnieoro.com/home/cath-lab-procedures-reference monthly 0.5 2026-10-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/06e25a1a-802f-4f61-8d9e-a9d4a5c7deef/cath-lab-procedures-reference-categories.jpg Blogs - Cath Lab Procedures: Complete Reference List - Make it stand out The 51 procedures on this page, grouped into seven categories. Original illustration for rodnieoro.com. https://rodnieoro.com/home/unicorn-tavi monthly 0.5 2026-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/2953276c-a837-4244-a039-0b392dfb10a0/unicorn-coronary-obstruction-risk-in-tavi.jpg Blogs - UNICORN (valve through the leaflet in TAVI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out (1) Usual valve-in-valve: the old leaflet forms a skirt that can cover the coronary. (2) UNICORN: the valve goes through a hole in the leaflet, leaving a small skirt on that side. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/04abfcfb-e15f-4419-8641-039042ca53eb/unicorn-basilica-unicorn-unicorn-comparison.jpg Blogs - UNICORN (valve through the leaflet in TAVI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out (1) BASILICA: wire loop splits the leaflet. (2) LLAMACORN: balloon tears it. (3) UNICORN: valve expanded through a hole. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/a521c226-279b-4a9a-8472-c1d77447f229/unicorn-femoral-access-both-sides.jpg Blogs - UNICORN (valve through the leaflet in TAVI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: (1) leaflet catheter from one femoral artery; (2) TAVI sheath from the other; pacing via a femoral vein. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/dcac9a6d-5454-4aac-9447-fc74df227336/unicorn-steps-traverse-track-tear-tavi.jpg Blogs - UNICORN (valve through the leaflet in TAVI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: traverse. B: balloons widen the window. C: valve through the window. D: valve expanded; leaflet pushed aside. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/7ceec17c-87b2-474a-b16e-912b07c9eaf1/unicorn-leaflet-geometry-en-face-before-after.jpg Blogs - UNICORN (valve through the leaflet in TAVI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Seen from above: (1) traversal point on the at-risk leaflet; (2) the new valve inside, with that leaflet opened away from the coronary. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/72c0af5d-aee1-4762-a0d3-0d2d7ba99738/unicorn-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - UNICORN (valve through the leaflet in TAVI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After UNICORN and TAVI: (1) monitoring; (2) echo and bloods; (3) home after a few nights; (4) follow-up. https://rodnieoro.com/home/llamacorn-tavi monthly 0.5 2026-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/5ce10d4a-b6b7-468c-a7de-f5d6961845bb/llamacorn-coronary-obstruction-risk-in-tavi.jpg Blogs - LLAMACORN (balloon leaflet laceration before TAVI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Coronary obstruction risk: (1) the old leaflet, pushed aside by the new valve, can cover the coronary opening; (2) coronary open. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/3a9c0393-c693-423d-b566-6105022f7bd1/llamacorn-basilica-unicorn-llamacorn-comparison Blogs - LLAMACORN (balloon leaflet laceration before TAVI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out (1) BASILICA: wire loop splits the leaflet. (2) UNICORN: hole at the base widened by balloons. (3) LLAMACORN: large balloon tears the leaflet open. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/fdd2b3db-4aa7-4a1f-8828-9b8d0a05e25e/llamacorn-femoral-access-both-sides.jpg Blogs - LLAMACORN (balloon leaflet laceration before TAVI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: (1) leaflet catheters from one femoral artery; (2) TAVI sheath from the other; pacing via a femoral vein. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/d6bd4a2b-4b65-4b1a-ae2a-6c8db1ffc46c/llamacorn-steps-traverse-track-tear-tavi.jpg Blogs - LLAMACORN (balloon leaflet laceration before TAVI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: traverse the leaflet base. B: small balloons make a track. C: large balloon tears the leaflet. D: TAVI deployed. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/4a1218cc-6b2b-4834-a3eb-62801c019488/llamacorn-leaflet-geometry-en-face-before-after.jpg Blogs - LLAMACORN (balloon leaflet laceration before TAVI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Seen from above: (1) traversal point at the base of the leaflet in front of the at-risk coronary; (2) after the tear, the leaflet opens and the coronary is uncovered. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/131d9b56-cc12-4677-b4f5-86bf5d8ef6d3/llamacorn-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - LLAMACORN (balloon leaflet laceration before TAVI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After LLAMACORN and TAVI: (1) monitoring; (2) echo and bloods; (3) home after a few nights; (4) follow-up. https://rodnieoro.com/home/stem-cell-infusion monthly 0.5 2026-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/ceeb8884-325a-45e4-b334-5e3918a1f01b/stem-cell-infusion-bone-marrow-to-coronary-artery.jpg Blogs - Intracoronary cell infusion (research procedure): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Research pathway: (1) bone marrow collected; (2) cells processed in the lab; (3) cells infused into a coronary artery. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/a4d952cb-b4b1-4963-a6be-679d7706b6d3/stem-cell-infusion-stop-flow-balloon-concept.jpg Blogs - Intracoronary cell infusion (research procedure): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Stop-flow: a low-pressure balloon briefly stops flow while cells are infused beyond it. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/b4fac0d6-b630-4f9a-9a94-23a8905adbd5/stem-cell-infusion-radial-access.jpg Blogs - Intracoronary cell infusion (research procedure): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: (1) catheter at the coronary artery; (2) aorta; (3) sheath in the right radial artery. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/543e9210-64e0-4d6e-8528-3d195ff99626/stem-cell-infusion-steps-wire-balloon-infuse-release.jpg Blogs - Intracoronary cell infusion (research procedure): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: wire. B: balloon in place. C: stop flow, infuse cells. D: release; repeat. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/665cec08-a580-41fa-b813-8cf4eacb5893/stem-cell-infusion-research-pathway.jpg Blogs - Intracoronary cell infusion (research procedure): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Taking part in research: (1) information and consent; (2) screening; (3) procedure; (4) follow-up visits. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/718cca85-6510-4272-970e-602831c69913/stem-cell-infusion-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Intracoronary cell infusion (research procedure): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After cell infusion: (1) checks; (2) home for most; (3) bone marrow site sore for a few days; (4) study follow-up visits. https://rodnieoro.com/home/lampoon monthly 0.5 2026-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/02fef7d8-f71d-46b6-9396-40867304bf13/lampoon-lvot-obstruction-risk-in-tmvr.jpg Blogs - LAMPOON (mitral leaflet laceration before TMVR): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out LVOT obstruction risk: (1) the anterior leaflet, pushed by the new valve, narrows the outflow; (2) outflow open. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/1554211267347-ELJ1K1BG7R91AQN847M3/1-s2.0-S1936879817302273-gr1.jpg Blogs - LAMPOON (mitral leaflet laceration before TMVR): a Cath Lab 101 guide Image: Babaliaros VC, Greenbaum AB, Khan JM, et al. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2017. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/d3de8a27-0b42-4096-80af-bbb83be35393/lampoon-split-leaflet-lvot-open.jpg Blogs - LAMPOON (mitral leaflet laceration before TMVR): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After LAMPOON, the split leaflet splays aside and blood can flow into the outflow tract. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/6747590d-a492-4df4-a857-dd0c65fc2d5d/lampoon-access-transseptal-and-retrograde.jpg Blogs - LAMPOON (mitral leaflet laceration before TMVR): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: (1) transseptal route from the femoral vein; (2) retrograde route from the femoral artery. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/9da7a978-76fa-44fb-8d89-c669c6ae258c/lampoon-steps-setup-traverse-lacerate-tmvr.jpg Blogs - LAMPOON (mitral leaflet laceration before TMVR): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: set up. B: traverse the leaflet. C: lacerate. D: TMVR. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/1554211314676-HUCJUUE31DJSA2Z6I53N/F1.large-7.jpg Blogs - LAMPOON (mitral leaflet laceration before TMVR): a Cath Lab 101 guide Illustration: Alan Hoofring, NIH Medical Arts https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/1554211289647-YYFNGWJZZGFVTCWJF4WG/heartjnl-2018-January-104-Suppl+1-A1-F1.large.jpg Blogs - LAMPOON (mitral leaflet laceration before TMVR): a Cath Lab 101 guide Illustration: Alan Hoofring, NIH Medical Arts https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/8997a939-9a93-44bb-a4ed-4a79c7d16fdf/lampoon-ct-neo-lvot-planning-illustration.jpg Blogs - LAMPOON (mitral leaflet laceration before TMVR): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustrated CT planning: the predicted neo-LVOT; a small area means a higher risk of obstruction. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/ae9bac92-3384-4a74-9572-84306a8f2d08/lampoon-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - LAMPOON (mitral leaflet laceration before TMVR): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After LAMPOON and TMVR: (1) monitoring; (2) echo and bloods; (3) home after a few nights; (4) follow-up. https://rodnieoro.com/home/basilica monthly 0.5 2026-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/93be3dac-4dfb-41d1-8bfa-dfa02c225dcd/basilica-coronary-obstruction-risk-in-tavi.jpg Blogs - BASILICA (leaflet laceration before TAVI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Coronary obstruction risk: (1) the old leaflet, pushed aside by the new valve, can cover the coronary opening; (2) normal result. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/1554210935117-JBNQR1XAK8PW8WTHL56A/20180402-basilica.jpg Blogs - BASILICA (leaflet laceration before TAVI): a Cath Lab 101 guide Image: original publication https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/600d5968-ab6d-43be-98f4-f7d7e4519ca2/basilica-split-leaflet-keeps-coronary-open.jpg Blogs - BASILICA (leaflet laceration before TAVI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After BASILICA, the split leaflet splays apart and blood can still reach the coronary artery. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/8a7abcf6-a03f-43c3-a603-ccb465fe6423/basilica-femoral-artery-access-two-sides.jpg Blogs - BASILICA (leaflet laceration before TAVI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: (1) catheter for the laceration wire; (2) catheter holding the snare; both from the femoral arteries. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/c142e7d6-a304-40a1-8e8e-3d150fa2b9fa/basilica-steps-setup-traverse-lacerate-tavi.jpg Blogs - BASILICA (leaflet laceration before TAVI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: set up. B: traverse the leaflet. C: lacerate (flying V). D: TAVI. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/1554210956326-1BNHNGDDPW3OGERX6K01/F1.large-6.jpg Blogs - BASILICA (leaflet laceration before TAVI): a Cath Lab 101 guide Image: original publication https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/405714e9-9606-4774-b66b-f2e2a314e961/basilica-ct-planning-leaflet-to-coronary-distance.jpg Blogs - BASILICA (leaflet laceration before TAVI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustrated CT planning: a short predicted distance between the leaflet and the coronary opening means a higher risk. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/9e682efb-28df-4411-b610-7caf86e27212/basilica-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - BASILICA (leaflet laceration before TAVI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After BASILICA and TAVI: (1) monitoring; (2) echo and bloods; (3) home after a few nights; (4) follow-up. https://rodnieoro.com/home/extraction-of-leadless-pacemaker monthly 0.5 2026-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/71ccad0b-5e6a-40f4-90a1-9cba32c08be5/leadless-pacemaker-in-right-ventricle-vs-standard.jpg Blogs - Leadless pacemaker retrieval (extraction): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out (1) Standard pacemaker: box and lead. (2) Leadless pacemaker: a small capsule inside the right ventricle. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/0b697c63-0621-4224-8f82-6634b114ea7f/leadless-pacemaker-docking-button-and-snare.jpg Blogs - Leadless pacemaker retrieval (extraction): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A snare loop (teal) catches the docking button at the end of the capsule. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/ad7e8f34-d3d0-4c43-9f63-6878dc019212/leadless-pacemaker-retrieval-femoral-vein-access.jpg Blogs - Leadless pacemaker retrieval (extraction): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: (1) catheter at the capsule in the right ventricle; (2) right atrium; (3) inferior vena cava; (4) large sheath in the right femoral vein. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/82052fcb-fe72-4bed-969f-0f5c6e3c3f7e/leadless-pacemaker-retrieval-steps-approach-snare-release-remove.jpg Blogs - Leadless pacemaker retrieval (extraction): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: approach. B: snare the button. C: free from the wall. D: draw into the sheath and remove. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/a3265bf0-0b07-404d-8a85-989e1a6a07d1/leadless-pacemaker-groin-closure-z-stitch.jpg Blogs - Leadless pacemaker retrieval (extraction): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A figure-of-eight (Z) stitch closes the groin after the large sheath is removed. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/c9fefc74-ce1b-4ef7-b789-51ef7356518b/leadless-pacemaker-retrieval-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Leadless pacemaker retrieval (extraction): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After retrieval: (1) checks; (2) home for most; (3) stitch out, no heavy lifting for a week; (4) device clinic. https://rodnieoro.com/home/bt-blalock-taussig-shunt-closure monthly 0.5 2026-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/4c4441af-bae2-4a78-94e9-ae697d1eb571/bt-shunt-anatomy-subclavian-to-pulmonary-artery.jpg Blogs - BT shunt closure and pulmonary artery stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A BT shunt: a small tube (yellow) from a branch of the aorta to a pulmonary artery. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/1d0d94c6-f156-4927-b77a-241bc99d002d/bt-shunt-why-close-extra-flow.jpg Blogs - BT shunt closure and pulmonary artery stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After repair, an open shunt can send extra blood to the lungs. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/ccf0a1f5-b315-45cb-b819-252dfada9bb2/bt-shunt-femoral-artery-access-to-shunt.jpg Blogs - BT shunt closure and pulmonary artery stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: (1) catheter in the shunt; (2) aorta; (3) sheath in the right femoral artery. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/5e6c753a-31bc-4bc8-88dc-1ca924c65ad2/bt-shunt-steps-angiogram-test-plug-check.jpg Blogs - BT shunt closure and pulmonary artery stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: angiogram. B: test occlusion. C: plug in the shunt. D: check, then release. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/5b9d7210-dfb7-4fbb-a245-1a2f14057ea2/bt-shunt-pulmonary-artery-stenting-schematic.jpg Blogs - BT shunt closure and pulmonary artery stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Pulmonary artery stenting: a narrowed branch (left) widened with a stent (right). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/b89b4e8e-d02c-4893-ba58-01b3afd70a73/bt-shunt-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - BT shunt closure and pulmonary artery stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After BT shunt closure: (1) pulses, oxygen and groin checks; (2) home next day for many; (3) medicines as advised; (4) echo follow-up. https://rodnieoro.com/home/pv-pulmonay-vein-venoplasty monthly 0.5 2026-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/f81d25d2-df93-4c8d-87d8-700d66936503/pv-venoplasty-left-atrium-pulmonary-veins-stenosis.jpg Blogs - Pulmonary vein venoplasty and stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Pulmonary vein stenosis: one vein (circled) is narrowed where it joins the left atrium. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/f4608a33-8b04-4b37-93f9-b99932c65a82/pv-venoplasty-back-pressure-in-lung-segment.jpg Blogs - Pulmonary vein venoplasty and stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A narrowed vein causes blood to back up in that part of the lung. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/61b4793c-dc79-428d-b7b9-56087d8f32e1/pv-venoplasty-femoral-vein-transseptal-access.jpg Blogs - Pulmonary vein venoplasty and stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: (1) across the septum into the left atrium; (2) right atrium; (3) inferior vena cava; (4) sheath in the right femoral vein. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/6a104d56-a529-4d20-8baf-211528d76339/pv-venoplasty-steps-wire-balloon-stent-check.jpg Blogs - Pulmonary vein venoplasty and stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: wire across. B: balloon inflated. C: stent placed. D: vein widened; check. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/7acf065f-5127-4978-989c-a5ff193abb7f/pv-venoplasty-venogram-before-after-illustration.jpg Blogs - Pulmonary vein venoplasty and stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustrated, not real scans. Before: narrowing. After: widened vein with stent. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/79b1fe6b-c6dd-4a90-9fbd-46cd124ff71f/pv-venoplasty-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Pulmonary vein venoplasty and stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After venoplasty: (1) checks; (2) home after 1 to 2 nights; (3) blood thinners as advised; (4) scans to check the vein. https://rodnieoro.com/home/lv-biopsy monthly 0.5 2026-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/7703055e-47e1-4009-8d52-16678f416976/lv-biopsy-sample-sites-heart.jpg Blogs - Left ventricular (endomyocardial) biopsy: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Samples are taken from the wall of the left ventricle (marks). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/f9ace790-2976-455d-85f8-49e998cb4658/lv-biopsy-what-the-sample-can-show.jpg Blogs - Left ventricular (endomyocardial) biopsy: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustrated, not real slides. A biopsy can show (1) normal muscle, (2) inflammation or (3) abnormal deposits. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/fdd60751-71b0-4bf5-ae5f-d2fa83d0ae53/lv-biopsy-radial-or-femoral-access.jpg Blogs - Left ventricular (endomyocardial) biopsy: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: (1) radial artery or (2) femoral artery; (3) catheter across the aortic valve into the left ventricle. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/1abfa6b5-c7f6-4d07-a11d-1339826308bd/lv-biopsy-steps-guide-bioptome-bite-withdraw.jpg Blogs - Left ventricular (endomyocardial) biopsy: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: guide in the LV. B: bioptome in. C: bite. D: withdraw the sample. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/e34b095b-e1dc-4bb3-8b3d-dddb36ada613/lv-biopsy-sample-pots-histology-virology.jpg Blogs - Left ventricular (endomyocardial) biopsy: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Samples go into the right pots: fixative for histology; saline or medium for virology, as per laboratory instructions. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/bb77bb23-6a80-49ad-99f3-033b07578d3b/lv-biopsy-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Left ventricular (endomyocardial) biopsy: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After LV biopsy: (1) checks and echo; (2) home for most; (3) results in days to weeks; (4) clinic review. https://rodnieoro.com/home/transcaval-tavi monthly 0.5 2026-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/ad80bb7f-0a2b-4e26-9469-3800d48aede5/transcaval-tavi-aortic-stenosis-vs-new-valve.jpg Blogs - Transcaval TAVI (caval-aortic access): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out (1) Aortic stenosis: calcified leaflets with a small opening. (2) After TAVI: a new valve sits inside the old one. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/621a5667-98b4-4cf0-bcbc-73df0042a37b/transcaval-tavi-ivc-aorta-crossing-concept.jpg Blogs - Transcaval TAVI (caval-aortic access): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out The IVC (blue) lies beside the aorta (red). A wire crosses from the IVC into the aorta and is caught by a snare. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/d1fdcda5-41cd-4844-8c4c-1e5aa1c6fbf9/transcaval-tavi-femoral-vein-ivc-to-aorta-route.jpg Blogs - Transcaval TAVI (caval-aortic access): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Route: (1) sheath in the femoral vein; (2) IVC; (3) crossing into the aorta; (4) aortic valve. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/db6ff8b5-8176-4560-816b-8ece35021509/transcaval-tavi-steps-cross-sheath-valve-close.jpg Blogs - Transcaval TAVI (caval-aortic access): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: stiff wire across. B: sheath into the aorta. C: valve delivered. D: passage closed with a plug. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/4685a24d-ff64-4399-97d1-a911288d1095/transcaval-tavi-occluder-closure-schematic.jpg Blogs - Transcaval TAVI (caval-aortic access): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Closure: a plug with one disc in the aorta, its waist in the passage and one disc in the IVC. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/8649831e-e5f0-4dfa-a866-861e764a5a31/transcaval-tavi-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Transcaval TAVI (caval-aortic access): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After transcaval TAVI: (1) monitoring and blood counts; (2) echo, sometimes CT; (3) home after a few nights; (4) follow-up. https://rodnieoro.com/home/transcarotid-access-tavi-procedure monthly 0.5 2026-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/569936b2-373f-4978-a91a-bcbeb012c896/transcarotid-tavi-aortic-stenosis-vs-new-valve.jpg Blogs - Transcarotid TAVI (carotid artery access): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out (1) Aortic stenosis: calcified leaflets with a small opening. (2) After TAVI: a new valve sits inside the old one. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/290d6204-aa1f-447a-94c3-ca131d722eec/transcarotid-tavi-route-carotid-to-aortic-valve.jpg Blogs - Transcarotid TAVI (carotid artery access): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Route: (1) common carotid artery in the neck; (2) aortic arch; (3) aortic valve. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/33b4174a-ad0f-403d-aa11-47eb8e52a921/transcarotid-tavi-neck-cutdown-and-oximetry.jpg Blogs - Transcarotid TAVI (carotid artery access): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out (1) Small neck incision over the common carotid artery. (2) Forehead sensors monitor brain oxygen during a test clamp. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/fa8210bf-6f47-41b9-832a-675f305ba9a0/transcarotid-tavi-steps-wire-balloon-valve-deploy.jpg Blogs - Transcarotid TAVI (carotid artery access): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: stiff wire in the left ventricle. B: balloon stretch (if used). C: valve positioned. D: valve expanded. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/b4be25c9-0745-4646-8080-a53d7ebd28e2/transcarotid-tavi-carotid-repair-schematic.jpg Blogs - Transcarotid TAVI (carotid artery access): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Closure: clamps control the artery while the surgeon stitches the puncture closed. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/dd0e5588-5134-4856-8475-882e45e2963d/transcarotid-tavi-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Transcarotid TAVI (carotid artery access): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After transcarotid TAVI: (1) HDU/ITU monitoring; (2) echo, neck and brain checks; (3) home after a few nights; (4) follow-up. https://rodnieoro.com/home/transaxillary-approach-tavi monthly 0.5 2026-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/bb6e1689-1d9f-4b27-9f55-c7309689da52/transaxillary-tavi-aortic-stenosis-vs-new-valve.jpg Blogs - Transaxillary TAVI (subclavian access): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out (1) Aortic stenosis: calcified leaflets with a small opening. (2) After TAVI: a new valve sits inside the old one. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/6c0b427f-e94d-4e33-809b-25121c1ed4c4/transaxillary-tavi-route-axillary-subclavian-aorta.jpg Blogs - Transaxillary TAVI (subclavian access): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Route: (1) left axillary artery; (2) subclavian artery; (3) aortic arch; (4) aortic valve. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/485b8b86-6c3d-44db-bee3-e2b4314a4a4d/transaxillary-tavi-access-puncture-and-safety-wire.jpg Blogs - Transaxillary TAVI (subclavian access): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out (1) Safety and marker wire from the groin into the arm artery. (2) Puncture site below the collarbone, in line with the wire. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/b7846608-fe11-4e10-b518-d06b21b3b8f2/transaxillary-tavi-steps-puncture-preclose-sheath-valve.jpg Blogs - Transaxillary TAVI (subclavian access): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: stiff wire in the left ventricle. B: balloon stretch (if used). C: valve positioned. D: valve expanded. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/05545bf3-357e-4b68-8dfc-1ad1b026479e/transaxillary-tavi-closure-balloon-and-angiogram.jpg Blogs - Transaxillary TAVI (subclavian access): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Closure: (1) balloon inflated upstream for a dry field; (2) sutures tied at the puncture; (3) angiogram checks the artery. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/3dc84744-a4db-4d79-b0bb-e08b0754e79a/transaxillary-tavi-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Transaxillary TAVI (subclavian access): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After transaxillary TAVI: (1) monitoring and arm checks; (2) echo and bloods; (3) home after a few nights; (4) follow-up. https://rodnieoro.com/home/paravalvular-leak-closure-pvlo monthly 0.5 2026-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/e0f0d8d3-45ab-4ed9-8ff5-23e8cbe176ae/pvl-paravalvular-leak-around-replaced-valve.jpg Blogs - Paravalvular leak (PVL) closure: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A paravalvular leak: blood leaks through a gap between the valve ring and the heart tissue, around the outside of the valve. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/2bede6ef-b042-4fe1-8808-afb46e66ec5f/pvl-mitral-and-aortic-approach-routes.jpg Blogs - Paravalvular leak (PVL) closure: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Routes: (1) mitral leak, from the femoral vein across the septum; (2) aortic leak, from the femoral artery via the aorta. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/67cf5e0b-f874-4776-8562-f65eed7acff0/pvl-transseptal-access-mitral-leak.jpg Blogs - Paravalvular leak (PVL) closure: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Mitral approach: (1) across the septum to the leak; (2) right atrium; (3) inferior vena cava; (4) sheath in the right femoral vein. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/8c20694b-0a4e-4b6f-a40c-2158ac8f91c3/pvl-steps-cross-rail-deploy-check.jpg Blogs - Paravalvular leak (PVL) closure: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: wire through the gap. B: catheter support or rail. C: plug opened in the gap. D: check and release. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/a774bad4-aeb7-43ed-9255-87bad325eaa0/pvl-plug-in-gap-before-after.jpg Blogs - Paravalvular leak (PVL) closure: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Before: a crescent-shaped gap beside the valve ring. After: a plug fills the gap. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/891e4cf3-ace1-435e-b5c9-f6baba078c67/pvl-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Paravalvular leak (PVL) closure: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After PVL closure: (1) checks; (2) echo; (3) home after 1 to 3 nights; (4) blood tests and echo follow-up. https://rodnieoro.com/home/transcatheter-tricuspid-valve-implantation-ttvi monthly 0.5 2026-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/514bed70-eb14-4bdc-a402-e94784957eb1/ttvi-normal-tricuspid-vs-tricuspid-regurgitation.jpg Blogs - Transcatheter tricuspid valve implantation (TTVI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out (1) Normal: the tricuspid valve seals. (2) Tricuspid regurgitation: blood leaks back into the right atrium. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/1d857274-a62d-4e19-ab3c-fb2bb6568202/ttvi-valve-in-valve-vs-native-replacement.jpg Blogs - Transcatheter tricuspid valve implantation (TTVI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out (1) Valve-in-valve inside a failed surgical valve. (2) Native valve replacement with a dedicated device. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/fcf82005-9928-4f26-81fd-da94ed817d6c/ttvi-access-jugular-and-femoral-vein.jpg Blogs - Transcatheter tricuspid valve implantation (TTVI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: (1) right internal jugular vein (often for valve-in-valve); (2) right atrium; (3) right femoral vein (native replacement and pacing). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/71536eba-3fff-4aa9-a5f6-caba1ae2cbe1/ttvi-steps-cross-position-deploy-check.jpg Blogs - Transcatheter tricuspid valve implantation (TTVI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: cross the valve. B: position. C: deploy. D: check. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/29975162-4d83-47fa-8668-cc8b95aaf68f/ttvi-heart-conduction-pacemaker-risk.jpg Blogs - Transcatheter tricuspid valve implantation (TTVI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out The heart's wiring (yellow) runs close to the tricuspid valve, so a new valve can cause heart block needing a pacemaker. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/c9fd30af-2d11-4264-803b-30406d858434/ttvi-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Transcatheter tricuspid valve implantation (TTVI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After TTVI: (1) rhythm monitoring; (2) echo; (3) home after a few nights for many; (4) clinic and echo follow-up. https://rodnieoro.com/home/transcatheter-mitral-valve-implantation-tmvi monthly 0.5 2026-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/f65fc1b8-0553-4668-90ab-b7952226a718/tmvi-failed-surgical-mitral-valve-stenosis-leak.jpg Blogs - Transcatheter mitral valve implantation (TMVI, valve-in-valve): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A surgical tissue valve can fail by (1) narrowing (stenosis) or (2) leaking (regurgitation). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/bb639a57-63a5-4799-a8ff-61eccb0749bc/tmvi-valve-in-valve-concept.jpg Blogs - Transcatheter mitral valve implantation (TMVI, valve-in-valve): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Valve-in-valve: the new valve (teal) is expanded inside the old surgical valve frame (grey), which anchors it. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/ee189a5e-0c96-4ab2-bdf2-f17c08be5f98/tmvi-femoral-vein-transseptal-access.jpg Blogs - Transcatheter mitral valve implantation (TMVI, valve-in-valve): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: (1) high, posterior crossing into the left atrium; (2) right atrium; (3) inferior vena cava; (4) large sheath in the right femoral vein. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/6abd7e91-03e6-4607-bb57-238e5702b60d/tmvi-steps-wire-septostomy-position-deploy.jpg Blogs - Transcatheter mitral valve implantation (TMVI, valve-in-valve): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: wire to the LV apex. B: septum stretched. C: valve positioned. D: valve expanded under rapid pacing. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/bd01c48d-cea6-4a66-bdbb-02307812c965/tmvi-valve-orientation-vs-tavi.jpg Blogs - Transcatheter mitral valve implantation (TMVI, valve-in-valve): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Orientation: the valve is mounted the opposite way round for mitral valve-in-valve compared with transfemoral TAVI. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/2d916bf7-cee1-49f6-9516-81a88a8caefd/tmvi-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Transcatheter mitral valve implantation (TMVI, valve-in-valve): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After TMVI: (1) monitoring; (2) echo; (3) home after a few nights for many; (4) follow-up and echo. https://rodnieoro.com/home/renal-denervation monthly 0.5 2026-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/7e64f151-23c7-47be-8c3b-f1c1906bf18c/renal-denervation-kidney-artery-nerves.jpg Blogs - Renal denervation for high blood pressure: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out The renal arteries carry blood to the kidneys; nerves (yellow) run in their outer wall. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/d99fdc3a-16f1-4fc7-be91-1ba3d7c20838/renal-denervation-nerve-signals-brain-kidney.jpg Blogs - Renal denervation for high blood pressure: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Nerve signals between the brain and kidneys help set blood pressure. Renal denervation aims to quieten them. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/d93d48ca-8a32-4a55-b9b4-aab51d3a7d61/renal-denervation-femoral-artery-access.jpg Blogs - Renal denervation for high blood pressure: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: (1) catheter in a renal artery; (2) aorta; (3) sheath in the right femoral artery. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/e84085ee-6e67-4281-9347-96ae8b54911e/renal-denervation-steps-engage-catheter-energy-repeat.jpg Blogs - Renal denervation for high blood pressure: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: engage the artery. B: catheter in position. C: energy to the wall. D: repeat on the other side. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/5fd411c7-bfac-472e-b084-cc34f5d2330b/renal-denervation-angiogram-check-illustration.jpg Blogs - Renal denervation for high blood pressure: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustration, not a real scan: a final angiogram checks the renal arteries are smooth, with no spasm or damage. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/1e154b76-c90a-4c22-826e-c5db5fcf2fe9/renal-denervation-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Renal denervation for high blood pressure: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After renal denervation: (1) groin and blood pressure checks; (2) home for most; (3) no heavy lifting for a few days; (4) blood pressure monitoring. https://rodnieoro.com/home/balloon-mitral-valvuloplasty monthly 0.5 2026-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/fd9c00a9-e93e-4ed2-b087-37213f650a56/bmv-normal-mitral-valve-vs-mitral-stenosis.jpg Blogs - Balloon mitral valvuloplasty (BMV) for mitral stenosis: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out (1) Normal mitral valve, wide open. (2) Mitral stenosis: the leaflets are fused at the edges, leaving a narrow opening. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/4465dc37-6f5f-4977-839d-9c1748207b99/bmv-mitral-stenosis-effects-left-atrium-lungs.jpg Blogs - Balloon mitral valvuloplasty (BMV) for mitral stenosis: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Effects of mitral stenosis: (1) narrowed valve; (2) enlarged left atrium; (3) pressure backs up into the lungs. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/3e2d10a1-4bc7-455e-acd9-740ba5d25de1/bmv-femoral-vein-transseptal-access.jpg Blogs - Balloon mitral valvuloplasty (BMV) for mitral stenosis: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: (1) across the septum into the left atrium; (2) right atrium; (3) inferior vena cava; (4) sheath in the right femoral vein. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/69b556e9-64ba-4d33-991d-20f67bff2580/bmv-steps-wire-cross-inflate-check.jpg Blogs - Balloon mitral valvuloplasty (BMV) for mitral stenosis: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: wire in the left atrium. B: balloon across the valve. C: waisted balloon inflated. D: valve opened; check. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/a1db1db0-b185-4b64-a4cf-0d804fd3fdf6/bmv-pressure-gradient-before-after-illustration.jpg Blogs - Balloon mitral valvuloplasty (BMV) for mitral stenosis: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustrated, not a real recording. Before: large pressure gap across the valve. After: much smaller gap. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/d1e6b0c3-753a-40bd-907f-964f891c149c/bmv-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Balloon mitral valvuloplasty (BMV) for mitral stenosis: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After BMV: (1) checks; (2) echo, home; (3) most activities after about a week; (4) regular echo follow-up. https://rodnieoro.com/home/af-atrial-fibrillation-cryoablation monthly 0.5 2026-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/cb2d17c0-4afc-4e02-836e-7af7e902318a/af-normal-rhythm-vs-atrial-fibrillation.jpg Blogs - AF ablation (cryoablation and pulmonary vein isolation): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out (1) Normal rhythm: signals spread in order from the sinus node. (2) AF: chaotic signals, often triggered from the pulmonary veins. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/afdb1f39-949e-498c-929e-a7cd3675b448/af-pulmonary-veins-isolation-rings-left-atrium.jpg Blogs - AF ablation (cryoablation and pulmonary vein isolation): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Pulmonary vein isolation: a ring of scar (yellow) around each of the four pulmonary veins blocks the triggers. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/588592b0-707f-4e00-86c0-f9900280c58a/af-ablation-femoral-vein-transseptal-access.jpg Blogs - AF ablation (cryoablation and pulmonary vein isolation): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: (1) across the septum into the left atrium; (2) right atrium; (3) inferior vena cava; (4) sheaths in the femoral vein. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/c7463e76-b52d-48e3-b71f-7ea8230702d6/af-cryoballoon-steps-map-occlude-freeze-isolate.jpg Blogs - AF ablation (cryoablation and pulmonary vein isolation): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: map the vein. B: position the balloon. C: check the seal and freeze. D: vein isolated. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/959711f9-4887-4f6e-94e3-a3f7ab048250/af-pulmonary-vein-signals-before-after-isolation-illustration.jpg Blogs - AF ablation (cryoablation and pulmonary vein isolation): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustrated recordings, not real. Before: vein signals present. After: signals gone; the vein is isolated. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/f3e3a78e-aec8-4f7c-b209-bd088c2eabcb/af-ablation-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - AF ablation (cryoablation and pulmonary vein isolation): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After AF ablation: (1) checks; (2) home for most; (3) most activities after about a week; (4) healing period and follow-up. https://rodnieoro.com/home/subcutaneous-implantable-cardiac-defibrillator-s-icd monthly 0.5 2026-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/b1d99ab6-2109-480a-9cc6-c4c2e21dd6ac/s-icd-vs-transvenous-icd-diagram.jpg Blogs - Subcutaneous ICD (S-ICD): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out (1) Standard ICD: lead inside the heart. (2) S-ICD: generator under the skin on the left side and a lead beside the breastbone; nothing inside the heart. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/b8e9ad4f-bc4f-4161-a8a4-a41fde48512f/s-icd-how-it-works-detect-and-shock.jpg Blogs - Subcutaneous ICD (S-ICD): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustrated, not a real recording. The S-ICD detects a dangerous rhythm (VF), delivers a shock, and a normal rhythm returns. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/076e1992-6532-402f-9cc3-f3ae84d66190/s-icd-incision-sites-generator-lead-position.jpg Blogs - Subcutaneous ICD (S-ICD): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Incisions and positions: (1) generator pocket on the left side; (2) incision near the lower breastbone; (3) lead beside the breastbone. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/39d81dbb-f023-4c1a-b71b-3cebd2b00de6/s-icd-steps-pocket-tunnel-connect.jpg Blogs - Subcutaneous ICD (S-ICD): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: make the pocket. B: tunnel across. C: tunnel up beside the breastbone. D: connect and close. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/33da763c-8747-4413-8789-147b4f9ade21/s-icd-ecg-screening-illustration.jpg Blogs - Subcutaneous ICD (S-ICD): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustrated ECG screening, not real recordings. (1) Clear signals: suitable. (2) Small signals or large T waves: may not be suitable. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/2f05d809-875b-4e95-b8c6-d33ab94dabbe/s-icd-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Subcutaneous ICD (S-ICD): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After an S-ICD: (1) checks; (2) device check, home; (3) limited arm movement for a few weeks; (4) device clinic and remote monitoring. https://rodnieoro.com/home/stenting-of-the-coarctation-of-the-aorta monthly 0.5 2026-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/9fde9cd9-7220-4b5b-bd24-d9349df66825/coarctation-normal-aorta-vs-coarctation.jpg Blogs - Coarctation of the aorta stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out (1) Normal aorta. (2) Coarctation: a narrowing just beyond the artery to the left arm. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/007badef-c638-4eb9-a88f-71f2624b1e1e/coarctation-effects-arm-blood-pressure-leg-pulses-collaterals.jpg Blogs - Coarctation of the aorta stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Effects of coarctation: (1) high blood pressure in the arms; (2) narrowing; (3) collateral vessels; (4) weaker leg pulses. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/75b94e3e-ec1b-42e8-8141-31b3340ae3da/coarctation-femoral-artery-access.jpg Blogs - Coarctation of the aorta stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: (1) narrowing; (2) catheter up the aorta; (3) sheath in the right femoral artery. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/2651be5a-2dd7-4a3d-b9f1-a166d25a3a6f/coarctation-steps-wire-sheath-expand-check.jpg Blogs - Coarctation of the aorta stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: wire across. B: long sheath across. C: stent expanded. D: check: narrowing opened. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/8b673a43-36d8-4c81-884c-f02b4b22c22f/coarctation-aortogram-before-after-stent-illustration.jpg Blogs - Coarctation of the aorta stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustration, not a real scan. Before: a tight narrowing. After: the stent holds the aorta open. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/09ae1aa1-6d84-42d5-aeae-edac858d65a2/coarctation-stenting-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Coarctation of the aorta stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After coarctation stenting: (1) bed rest and checks; (2) home after 1 to 2 nights; (3) normal activity after a few weeks; (4) lifelong follow-up. https://rodnieoro.com/home/shockwave-ivl-intravascular-lithotripsy monthly 0.5 2026-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/a1a6fbe9-8f01-4459-a6b8-3ddb00efddbf/ivl-normal-vs-calcified-coronary-artery-cross-section.jpg Blogs - Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) for calcified arteries: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out (1) Normal artery. (2) Calcified artery: a ring of calcium narrows and stiffens the artery. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/d4205518-3628-41ef-9c8f-1de19b91d3b8/ivl-how-it-works-balloon-emitters-sound-waves.jpg Blogs - Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) for calcified arteries: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out How IVL works: (1) balloon touches the wall at low pressure; (2) emitters send sound pressure waves; (3) calcium cracks. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/9cc1ffb0-a41a-4b6c-9830-f4074fda3657/ivl-radial-access-pci.jpg Blogs - Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) for calcified arteries: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access for PCI: (1) radial sheath at the wrist; (2) guide catheter at the coronary artery. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/8c62fc9b-6858-49c9-aeca-acacf7eb121d/ivl-steps-wire-pulses-cracked-calcium-stent.jpg Blogs - Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) for calcified arteries: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: wire across. B: IVL pulses. C: calcium cracked; artery opens. D: stent fully expanded. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/e748a5ce-5cd6-4605-be6c-47fc15f625bb/ivl-intravascular-imaging-before-after-illustration.jpg Blogs - Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) for calcified arteries: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustrated imaging, not a real scan. Before: intact calcium ring. After: cracked calcium and a fully expanded stent. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/938ca4b9-9d9b-4b64-82ea-11549745bc7d/ivl-pci-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) for calcified arteries: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After PCI with IVL: (1) site checks; (2) home the same or next day for many; (3) no heavy lifting for a few days; (4) antiplatelets and follow-up. https://rodnieoro.com/home/acute-myocardial-infarction-ami monthly 0.5 2026-10-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/a02f4c37-9c64-497f-bb91-1030708c7b1d/heart-attack-plaque-rupture-clot-coronary-artery.jpg Blogs - Heart attack (acute MI) and primary PCI: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out (1) Normal artery. (2) Plaque narrows the artery. (3) A plaque bursts and a clot blocks the artery: a heart attack. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/054f9ba0-ab3e-41c8-b939-a2651ad786bf/heart-attack-ecg-territories-lad-rca-lcx.jpg Blogs - Heart attack (acute MI) and primary PCI: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out The ECG pattern suggests the blocked artery: (1) inferior leads, often the right coronary; (2) anterior leads, the LAD; (3) lateral leads, often the circumflex. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/7608a40f-af41-4dbf-809a-0c1b8069a13f/primary-pci-radial-access.jpg Blogs - Heart attack (acute MI) and primary PCI: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: (1) sheath in the radial artery at the wrist; (2) catheter to the heart. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/77393273-8cc2-45e0-98ef-49a8c080ea62/primary-pci-steps-wire-balloon-stent-postdilate.jpg Blogs - Heart attack (acute MI) and primary PCI: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: wire through the clot. B: balloon opens the blockage. C: stent placed. D: stent fully expanded; flow restored. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/1fdfe4b0-0d09-4cdf-a316-fec0ba659f59/primary-pci-angiogram-before-after-illustration.jpg Blogs - Heart attack (acute MI) and primary PCI: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustration, not a real scan. Before: the artery stops abruptly. After: flow restored beyond the stent. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/c721733a-7b71-40fa-bca3-ac5f25e6de68/heart-attack-primary-pci-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Heart attack (acute MI) and primary PCI: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After primary PCI: (1) CCU monitoring; (2) echo, home after 2 to 3 days for many; (3) cardiac rehabilitation; (4) medicines and follow-up. https://rodnieoro.com/home/asd-closure-atrial-septal-defect monthly 0.5 2026-10-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/fb54cfe7-4cf0-4d8a-bc5f-8e4cc771e6a8/asd-normal-septum-vs-atrial-septal-defect-shunt.jpg Blogs - ASD closure (atrial septal defect): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/20c5db0e-643e-4619-b790-e8392b8f785a/asd-types-secundum-primum-sinus-venosus-coronary-sinus.jpg Blogs - ASD closure (atrial septal defect): a Cath Lab 101 guide ASD types: (1) secundum, in the middle; (2) primum, low near the valves; (3) sinus venosus, near the superior vena cava; (4) coronary sinus. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/ca3f3675-8984-4855-90fa-46378e7ccf3e/asd-femoral-vein-ivc-ra-access.jpg Blogs - ASD closure (atrial septal defect): a Cath Lab 101 guide Access: (1) across the ASD into the left atrium; (2) right atrium; (3) inferior vena cava; (4) sheath in the right femoral vein. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/40cc6f4e-126b-4f54-95f0-be7984f1d2aa/asd-steps-cross-left-disc-right-disc-release.jpg Blogs - ASD closure (atrial septal defect): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: cross the ASD. B: open the left disc. C: open the right disc; checks. D: release. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/a4ad7ca3-4e7c-4554-b316-9f1ccff45cbb/asd-echo-before-after-closure-illustration.jpg Blogs - ASD closure (atrial septal defect): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/9f699764-6a63-48f6-a2a0-fbf402cdf616/asd-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - ASD closure (atrial septal defect): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://rodnieoro.com/home/mitraclip-procedure monthly 0.5 2026-10-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/1fef21c0-3e54-4ef0-ae77-f04ad9c4ea74/mitral-teer-normal-valve-vs-mitral-regurgitation.jpg Blogs - Mitral TEER (transcatheter edge-to-edge repair): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out (1) Normal: the mitral leaflets meet and seal. (2) Mitral regurgitation: blood leaks back into the left atrium with each beat. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/a3513a4d-d716-45c3-b639-b16a3c384e0d/mitral-teer-primary-vs-secondary-mr.jpg Blogs - Mitral TEER (transcatheter edge-to-edge repair): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out (1) Primary MR: the valve itself is faulty, here a torn cord. (2) Secondary MR: an enlarged ventricle pulls normal leaflets apart. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/ce76efe7-f221-4f18-a32e-823f2924c53f/mitral-teer-femoral-vein-transseptal-access.jpg Blogs - Mitral TEER (transcatheter edge-to-edge repair): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: (1) across the septum into the left atrium, aimed at the mitral valve; (2) right atrium; (3) inferior vena cava; (4) sheath in the right femoral vein. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/254dc9b1-3fb6-4db2-a4c5-d35be9cda823/mitral-teer-steps-above-jet-grasp-close-release.jpg Blogs - Mitral TEER (transcatheter edge-to-edge repair): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: clip in the left atrium. B: aligned above the leak. C: leaflets grasped and arms closed. D: clip released. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/a0f600f5-9cf2-48be-a59c-e9c494f81c13/mitral-teer-valve-from-above-double-orifice.jpg Blogs - Mitral TEER (transcatheter edge-to-edge repair): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out The valve seen from the left atrium. Before: a gap at the leak. After: the clip joins the leaflets, leaving two openings (double orifice). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/f28e3c14-f734-469c-a624-e081e14a845c/mitral-teer-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Mitral TEER (transcatheter edge-to-edge repair): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After mitral TEER: (1) recovery and checks; (2) echo, home after 1 to 2 nights for many; (3) most activities after about a week; (4) follow-up echo. https://rodnieoro.com/home/patent-ductus-arteriosus monthly 0.5 2026-10-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/ce8bc7ea-bc2b-4e9e-aa84-c634cde0ee05/pda-normal-vs-patent-ductus-arteriosus-flow.jpg Blogs - PDA closure (patent ductus arteriosus): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out (1) After birth the duct normally closes. (2) PDA: blood flows from the aorta into the pulmonary artery, overloading the lungs. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/121e3ddc-4c54-45c9-85cb-20df665028c0/pda-before-and-after-birth-circulation.jpg Blogs - PDA closure (patent ductus arteriosus): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Before birth the duct lets blood bypass the lungs (pulmonary artery to aorta). After birth it normally closes within days. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/55ce9257-f926-4cf7-844c-a4cf619b0e34/pda-femoral-vein-and-artery-access.jpg Blogs - PDA closure (patent ductus arteriosus): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: (1) femoral vein, catheter up to the pulmonary artery and across the duct; (2) femoral artery for a pigtail catheter in the aorta. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/4c016a17-1421-4ea8-89d6-a0405071548d/pda-steps-measure-cross-deploy-release.jpg Blogs - PDA closure (patent ductus arteriosus): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: measure with an aortogram. B: cross the duct. C: deploy the plug. D: check and release. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/3a3f0bbc-a5f9-42d4-8d69-b20ceb5964f1/pda-aortogram-before-after-closure-illustration.jpg Blogs - PDA closure (patent ductus arteriosus): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustration, not a real scan. Before: contrast crosses the duct. After: the device blocks it. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/5bb3ea9a-2ff9-4c09-a112-80061a8bf581/pda-closure-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - PDA closure (patent ductus arteriosus): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After PDA closure: (1) bed rest and checks; (2) echo, home; (3) normal activity after about a week; (4) echo follow-up. https://rodnieoro.com/home/coronary-angiogram monthly 0.5 2026-10-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/26b51bcc-ef29-46e6-a2a6-81063b94e2c8/coronary-arteries-lms-lad-lcx-rca-diagram.jpg Blogs - Coronary angiogram: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out The coronary arteries: (1) right coronary; (2) left main stem; (3) left anterior descending; (4) circumflex, running behind the heart. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/938ebd0a-0ff2-4cdf-9d99-7d20c226969b/coronary-angiogram-radial-vs-femoral-access.jpg Blogs - Coronary angiogram: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access routes: (1) radial artery at the wrist; (2) femoral artery at the groin. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/92a37f77-3c32-4c47-ac87-6b42f2baf83c/coronary-catheter-engaging-left-and-right-coronary.jpg Blogs - Coronary angiogram: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Pre-shaped catheters “engage” the opening of each coronary artery so contrast can be injected. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/eecf0a65-0c40-4495-9be8-12c5fd162961/coronary-angiogram-c-arm-views-lao-rao-cranial-caudal.jpg Blogs - Coronary angiogram: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out The C-arm moves around the patient (RAO, AP, LAO, with cranial or caudal tilt) so each artery is seen without overlap. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/282cb22f-dc81-4e52-8946-1a437baad9a6/coronary-angiogram-narrowing-illustration.jpg Blogs - Coronary angiogram: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustration, not a real scan: contrast shows the artery as a dark line; a narrowing appears as a thinner segment. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/99d74acc-0d41-4325-a4c9-fe8d91979c52/coronary-angiogram-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Coronary angiogram: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After an angiogram: (1) site checks; (2) results, home for most; (3) no heavy lifting for a few days; (4) next steps. https://rodnieoro.com/home/total-cavopulmonary-connection-ballooning-and-stenting-tcpc monthly 0.5 2026-10-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/dbe43f38-3ce6-4642-9976-f816b365a44c/tcpc-normal-circulation-vs-fontan.jpg Blogs - TCPC (Fontan) ballooning and stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out (1) Normal: two pumps in series. (2) Fontan: blood from the body flows passively to the lungs; one ventricle pumps to the body. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/de4c06ea-fd04-4fed-b78f-109d2c626497/tcpc-fontan-anatomy-conduit-glenn-fenestration.jpg Blogs - TCPC (Fontan) ballooning and stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Fontan (TCPC) anatomy: (1) SVC to right PA (Glenn); (2) right and (3) left pulmonary arteries; (4) IVC conduit; (5) fenestration; (6) aorta. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/69c24b85-0200-48d0-89a3-cb5fb03effec/tcpc-femoral-vein-ivc-conduit-access.jpg Blogs - TCPC (Fontan) ballooning and stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: (1) wire into a pulmonary artery; (2) narrowing; (3) IVC and conduit; (4) sheath in the right femoral vein. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/7c966a47-f777-4594-88dc-30996e92837a/tcpc-steps-cross-size-stent-postdilate.jpg Blogs - TCPC (Fontan) ballooning and stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: cross the narrowing. B: size it with a balloon. C: open the stent on its balloon. D: stent fully expanded. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/13393237-5f1d-4896-9947-1d72a579fd70/tcpc-pressure-pullback-before-after-illustration.jpg Blogs - TCPC (Fontan) ballooning and stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustrated pressure pullback, not a real recording. Before: pressure drops across the narrowing. After: the gradient has gone. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/a275c644-8cc8-463d-994e-30689ad2b678/tcpc-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - TCPC (Fontan) ballooning and stenting: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After TCPC ballooning or stenting: (1) bed rest and checks; (2) home for most; (3) most activities after about a week; (4) blood thinners and follow-up imaging. https://rodnieoro.com/home/pfo-closure monthly 0.5 2026-10-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/57dc5518-8db7-4079-81d7-e41840d5b72e/pfo-normal-septum-vs-pfo-right-to-left-shunt.jpg Blogs - PFO closure (patent foramen ovale): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Normal septum vs PFO. (1) Normal: the septum is sealed. (2) PFO: the thin flap and thick rim overlap but do not seal, so blood can pass right to left through the tunnel. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/5d2a6ad4-9704-4a5a-9de2-812a094f4109/pfo-bubble-study-echo-illustration.jpg Blogs - PFO closure (patent foramen ovale): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustrated bubble study, not a real scan. (1) No shunt: bubbles stay in the right heart. (2) Shunt: bubbles appear in the left heart within a few beats. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/250de16d-e7ce-48c6-9446-ca0f320d9967/pfo-femoral-vein-ivc-ra-access.jpg Blogs - PFO closure (patent foramen ovale): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: (1) catheter across the PFO into the LA; (2) right atrium; (3) inferior vena cava; (4) iliac vein; (5) sheath in the right femoral vein. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/cd792aba-7b54-4680-849b-250d5b2620ae/pfo-steps-cross-left-disc-right-disc-release.jpg Blogs - PFO closure (patent foramen ovale): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: cross the PFO. B: open the left disc and pull it back onto the septum. C: open the right disc; push-pull and echo check. D: release the device. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/635a8ab0-763d-498f-afd7-8a25e0b4b251/pfo-echo-before-after-closure-illustration.jpg Blogs - PFO closure (patent foramen ovale): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustrated echo, not a real scan. Before: bubbles cross the septum. After: the two discs grip the septum and bubbles stay on the right side. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/90051af6-5d62-41b8-8470-f0f42583e81e/pfo-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - PFO closure (patent foramen ovale): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After PFO closure: (1) bed rest and checks; (2) ECG, echo, home for many; (3) most activities after about a week, as advised; (4) antiplatelets and a follow-up echo and bubble check. https://rodnieoro.com/home/chronic-total-occlusion-cto monthly 0.5 2026-10-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/0302375b-1b9a-491d-906f-fdb8797319bc/cto-coronary-artery-occlusion-and-collaterals.jpg Blogs - Chronic total occlusion (CTO PCI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A CTO: (1) proximal cap; (2) blocked segment; (3) distal cap; (4) collaterals from a donor artery fill the artery beyond. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/f335bc3d-19a3-4678-9ce6-05d77756d519/cto-dual-injection-setup.jpg Blogs - Chronic total occlusion (CTO PCI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Dual injection: one guide in the blocked artery, one in the donor artery. Injecting both together shows the blockage from both ends. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/cd049a10-4c4e-4c3a-a701-554d2b8be597/cto-crossing-strategies-antegrade-adr-retrograde.jpg Blogs - Chronic total occlusion (CTO PCI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: antegrade wiring. B: antegrade dissection and re-entry (ADR). C: retrograde approach via collaterals. Operators often combine them. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/21fd8288-aef6-42da-850a-e8aa1ae93e04/cto-steps-wire-balloon-stent-result.jpg Blogs - Chronic total occlusion (CTO PCI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: wire through. B: balloon. C: drug-eluting stent, sized with imaging. D: flow restored. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/d70e958b-8610-4711-b169-c135a9f190b1/cto-angiogram-before-after-illustration.jpg Blogs - Chronic total occlusion (CTO PCI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustration, not a real angiogram. Before: the artery stops abruptly. After: open to the end; the collaterals fade. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/875e99a0-0edb-4eef-a5c8-b05f4a47ce77/cto-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Chronic total occlusion (CTO PCI): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After CTO PCI: (1) rest and checks; (2) home for many, keep taking antiplatelets; (3) car driving after 1 week (DVLA Group 1); (4) review and rehab. https://rodnieoro.com/home/barts-tavi-procedure monthly 0.5 2026-10-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/e4ae72bc-9ba3-43dc-af45-a9a8b4c54ca3/tavi-normal-aortic-valve-vs-aortic-stenosis.jpg Blogs - TAVI (transcatheter aortic valve implantation): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Normal vs aortic stenosis (AS). (1) Normal: the valve opens fully. (2) Severe AS: calcified leaflets, a narrow jet and a thick LV wall. The coronary arteries start just above the valve. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/a6f6d8f7-463f-44d9-af2b-35478ab6c131/tavi-ct-planning-annulus-and-access-vessels.jpg Blogs - TAVI (transcatheter aortic valve implantation): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustrated CT, not a real scan. (1) Valve ring (annulus) size; (2) coronary height above the valve; (3) access arteries from the aorta to the groin. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/32b00848-ff47-40f8-b479-b28d3f11deaa/tavi-femoral-access-and-temporary-pacing-wire.jpg Blogs - TAVI (transcatheter aortic valve implantation): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: (1) new valve at the aortic valve; (2) pacing wire tip in the RV; (3) aorta; (4) right femoral artery with the valve sheath; (5) femoral vein with the pacing wire; (6) second sheath for the pigtail. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/714eb95e-a6e0-468c-93b1-a9c44e3b459e/tavi-steps-cross-position-deploy-check-generic-valve.jpg Blogs - TAVI (transcatheter aortic valve implantation): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: a stiff wire is placed in the LV. B: the folded valve is positioned across the old valve. C: the valve is opened (balloon-expandable or self-expanding). D: the result is checked. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/7eb2c798-5c0d-4565-93dc-da53ae3355d0/tavi-aortogram-echo-before-after-illustration.jpg Blogs - TAVI (transcatheter aortic valve implantation): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustrated aortogram, not a real scan. Before: calcified leaflets. After: the new valve frame, coronaries filling, no leak back. Echo then checks the gradient and any leak around the valve. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/47fd3339-4176-4b38-a96e-6e0207f8308c/tavi-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - TAVI (transcatheter aortic valve implantation): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After TAVI: (1) bed rest and checks; (2) ECG watched, echo, home for many after 1 to 2 days; (3) car driving after 2 weeks (DVLA Group 1); (4) usual full recovery 6 to 10 weeks. https://rodnieoro.com/home/tricuspid-clip-triclip monthly 0.5 2026-10-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/bf0cfac1-4198-4f39-b58c-9093dd57fa08/tricuspid-normal-valve-vs-tricuspid-regurgitation-enlarged-right-heart.jpg Blogs - Tricuspid TEER (transcatheter edge-to-edge repair): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Normal vs tricuspid regurgitation (TR). (1) Normal: the leaflets meet. (2) Severe TR: the ring is stretched, the leaflets don't meet, and blood leaks back into the right atrium (RA). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/a553326d-f666-4e6f-8cd5-c3cca31f2af6/tricuspid-teer-access-femoral-vein-ivc-right-atrium.jpg Blogs - Tricuspid TEER (transcatheter edge-to-edge repair): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: (1) right atrium; (2) the clip above the tricuspid valve; (3) right ventricle; (4) inferior vena cava (IVC); (5) right femoral vein; (6) superior vena cava (SVC). No septal puncture is needed. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/afdc0958-aafe-4af3-b273-9734057a602f/tricuspid-teer-echo-guidance-views-toe-ice.jpg Blogs - Tricuspid TEER (transcatheter edge-to-edge repair): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustrated echo, not real scans. (1) Mid-oesophageal TOE side view; (2) transgastric short-axis view of the anterior (A), septal (S) and posterior (P) leaflets; (3) intracardiac echo (ICE), used in some centres. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/112cf31b-3dff-42dd-991c-bb967f8de30d/tricuspid-teer-steps-steer-align-grasp-release-generic-clip.jpg Blogs - Tricuspid TEER (transcatheter edge-to-edge repair): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: the clip is steered above the leak. B: the arms open at right angles to the gap. C: the clip goes into the RV and grasps two leaflet edges. D: the clip is closed and released; the leak is smaller. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/e3d41b9d-a0a8-4e07-b94f-6429ebe544c7/tricuspid-teer-echo-colour-jet-before-after-illustration.jpg Blogs - Tricuspid TEER (transcatheter edge-to-edge repair): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustrated echo, not a real scan. Before: a large colour jet of blood leaking back into the RA. After: the clip holds the leaflets and the jet is much smaller. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/2475135c-e23a-43f2-8524-aedd36ce3669/tricuspid-teer-recovery-timeline.jpg Blogs - Tricuspid TEER (transcatheter edge-to-edge repair): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After tricuspid TEER: (1) bed rest and checks; (2) echo the next day; (3) home after 1 to 3 days; (4) clinic and echo, with diuretics reviewed. https://rodnieoro.com/home/alcohol-septal-ablation-asa monthly 0.5 2026-10-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/08bbfbe1-63ca-4c85-812a-cb70d62adfec/asa-normal-heart-vs-hocm-septum-sam-lvot-obstruction.jpg Blogs - Alcohol septal ablation (ASA) for HOCM: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Normal heart vs HOCM. (1) Normal: blood leaves the left ventricle (LV) freely. (2) HOCM: a thick basal septum and the mitral leaflet pulled towards it (SAM) narrow the outflow tract, often with a leak back into the left atrium (MR). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/34c38c90-14bf-4559-850d-ce64e76cf72a/asa-coronary-anatomy-lad-first-septal-perforator.jpg Blogs - Alcohol septal ablation (ASA) for HOCM: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out The coronary arteries: (1) left main stem; (2) LAD; (3) the first septal perforator, the usual target, which feeds the basal septum; (4) diagonal branches; (5) the RCA, which can send collaterals to the septum. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/0304d507-7766-42dd-97b8-69c70363e0be/asa-access-radial-guide-temporary-pacing-wire.jpg Blogs - Alcohol septal ablation (ASA) for HOCM: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Access: (1) a guide catheter from the wrist artery to the left coronary; (2) a temporary pacing wire through the neck vein; (3) its tip in the right ventricle (RV), to pace the heart if heart block occurs; (4) the guide tip at the left coronary; (5) the groin is an alternative. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/36bca54b-02f3-48f0-bc06-51524095b7d7/asa-steps-wire-balloon-echo-contrast-alcohol.jpg Blogs - Alcohol septal ablation (ASA) for HOCM: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: a wire goes from the LAD into the septal branch. B: a small over-the-wire balloon seals the branch. C: echo contrast confirms the branch feeds the bulge. D: alcohol is injected with the balloon still inflated, protecting the LAD. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/9e48d5f7-719d-4579-bdac-ca080a6aeae6/asa-echo-lvot-gradient-before-after-illustration.jpg Blogs - Alcohol septal ablation (ASA) for HOCM: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustrated echo, not a real scan. Before: SAM and a fast, late-peaking "dagger" Doppler signal (high gradient). After, over weeks to months: no SAM and slower flow (much lower gradient). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/1936a3d9-099f-4368-ab8b-7ebf3d4fa24c/asa-recovery-monitoring-pacing-echo-timeline.jpg Blogs - Alcohol septal ablation (ASA) for HOCM: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After ASA: (1) monitored bed and ECG on the day; (2) temporary pacing wire out after a day or so if the rhythm is stable; (3) home after several days, some with a pacemaker; (4) follow-up echo as the gradient keeps falling over months. https://rodnieoro.com/home/permanent-pacemaker-ppm-icd monthly 0.5 2026-10-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/20dbdc7f-ad3d-4207-bc76-38ef72ad25a6/ppm-device-lead-positions-single-dual-crt.jpg Blogs - Permanent pacemaker (PPM), ICD and CRT: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Where the leads go. (1) Single chamber: one lead in the right ventricle (RV). (2) Dual chamber: leads in the right atrium (RA) and RV. (3) CRT: a third lead runs through the coronary sinus to a vein on the left ventricle (LV). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/6c069f6f-0153-4bcf-8b12-007e97e11d75/ppm-heart-conduction-system-heart-block.jpg Blogs - Permanent pacemaker (PPM), ICD and CRT: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out The heart’s wiring: (1) the SA node starts each beat; (2) the AV node passes it to the ventricles; (3) the His bundle and bundle branches spread it. In heart block the signal is delayed or stopped at or below the AV node. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/eac56027-f945-4273-bb97-009ace23f56e/ppm-venous-access-cephalic-axillary-subclavian-pocket.jpg Blogs - Permanent pacemaker (PPM), ICD and CRT: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Ways into the vein: (1) the cephalic vein, opened directly; (2) the axillary vein, by needle; (3) the subclavian vein, by needle under the collarbone. (4) The device sits in a pocket under the skin, above the muscle. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/1b6c673c-4f41-4a06-96b7-8b503f532eea/ppm-implant-steps-access-lead-placement-testing-pocket.jpg Blogs - Permanent pacemaker (PPM), ICD and CRT: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: a vein near the collarbone is entered with a needle, wire and sheath. B: the leads go via the vein into the right atrium and right ventricle under X-ray. C: each lead is tested. D: the device goes in the pocket and the wound is closed. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/5ccfb685-2f4b-4bc3-82fc-22b65d7328b5/ppm-ecg-paced-rhythm-illustration.jpg Blogs - Permanent pacemaker (PPM), ICD and CRT: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustrated ECG: atrial pacing puts a spike before each P wave; ventricular pacing puts a spike before a wide QRS; dual-chamber pacing shows both. Not a real ECG. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/bbd56eea-f9c9-4261-a1e6-4a70bfe3bb98/ppm-recovery-wound-arm-movement-timeline.jpg Blogs - Permanent pacemaker (PPM), ICD and CRT: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After a pacemaker: (1) device check and X-ray, home the same or next day; (2) no car driving for at least a week; (3) elbow below shoulder height and no heavy lifting for 4 to 6 weeks; (4) clinic check at about 6 weeks, then regular checks. https://rodnieoro.com/home/ventricular-septal-defect-vsd monthly 0.5 2026-10-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/bb20a21f-9910-40bd-9c08-b50bdbdfa815/vsd-normal-heart-vs-vsd-shunt.jpg Blogs - Ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Left: a normal heart, with the wall (septum) between the lower chambers intact. Right: a VSD. Blood flows through the hole from the left ventricle (LV) to the right ventricle (RV). RA and LA are the right and left atria. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/239a860e-817c-4049-b480-b0835d505298/vsd-types-locations-septum.jpg Blogs - Ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Where a VSD can be: (1) perimembranous, high in the septum near the valves, the most common; (2) inlet or outlet, other parts of the upper septum; (3) and (4) muscular, in the thick lower septum, sometimes several holes. Simplified. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/2f0a7309-3025-4f6d-9f47-4bbb97185a69/vsd-access-arteriovenous-wire-loop.jpg Blogs - Ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out The arteriovenous (AV) loop: (1) a catheter goes up the artery into the left ventricle; (2) a wire crosses the hole; (3) a snare from the vein catches it and pulls it out; (4) the delivery sheath follows the wire from the vein side. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/95a386df-b300-47ee-9742-c7d5b6fbad19/vsd-device-closure-steps-measure-left-disc-right-disc-release.jpg Blogs - Ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out The wall between the right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle (LV), zoomed in. A: the sheath crosses the hole, which is measured. B: the left-sided disc opens in the LV. C: the waist fills the hole and the right-sided disc opens. D: after checks, the device is released from its cable. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/7f69c863-d127-4be3-a16e-714b36b91fa5/vsd-closed-defect-echo-illustration.jpg Blogs - Ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustration of the echo pictures: (1) before, a colour jet shows blood flowing through the hole; (2) after, the device sits across the septum and the jet has gone. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/21843b0a-1fd3-4310-9e5f-343a111e9ef9/vsd-recovery-aftercare-timeline.jpg Blogs - Ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure: a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After VSD device closure: (1) an echo and ECG check, usually home after one or two nights; (2) antiplatelet medicine for several months; (3) clinic, echo and ECG follow-up over time. https://rodnieoro.com/home/left-atrial-appendage-occlusion-laao monthly 0.5 2026-10-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/8b93071f-b700-40be-b9a1-7184263aaeb0/laao-heart-left-atrial-appendage-clot-risk.jpg Blogs - Left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out The left atrial appendage (LAA) is a small pouch off the left atrium (LA). In atrial fibrillation, blood can pool and clot here. The circle magnifies a clot inside the pouch. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/9d771e37-269a-46b1-8312-fc0ef0164d43/laao-femoral-vein-access-right-atrium.jpg Blogs - Left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A sheath is placed in the femoral vein (V) at the groin, and catheters travel up the vein to the right atrium (RA). The close-up shows the sheath entering the vein, with the femoral artery just below it. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/b2ce2a56-0ea2-47f7-9cf0-9fb48caa4d95/laao-transseptal-puncture-left-atrium.jpg Blogs - Left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A needle and sheath cross the thin wall between the right atrium (RA) and left atrium (LA): (1) the puncture site in the septum, (2) the needle tip entering the left atrium. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/bd5a6505-be48-4669-834e-f45a817a2bef/laao-device-steps-sizing-deploy-check-release.jpg Blogs - Left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out The left atrium (left) and the finger-shaped appendage (right). A: the sheath sits in the appendage and the opening (ostium) is measured. B: the occluder starts to open from the sheath inside the appendage. C: fully opened, it seals the opening and its position is checked with a gentle tug on the delivery cable. D: once the seal is confirmed, the cable is released and the device stays in place. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/24feb44f-8e31-4cca-804d-75b9eef69cd5/laao-sealed-appendage-echo-illustration.jpg Blogs - Left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustration of the echo pictures: (1) before, blood can flow into the open appendage; (2) after, the occluder seals its opening. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/d5b87c4b-dbc7-4ef2-97d6-f447b67d8dc8/laao-recovery-aftercare-timeline.jpg Blogs - Left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out After LAAO: (1) home the same or next day after an echo check, (2) medicines for a period while the device heals in, (3) a follow-up scan a few weeks to months later. https://rodnieoro.com/home/percutaneous-coronary-intervention-angioplasty monthly 0.5 2026-10-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/e51d9197-7088-4110-97f9-631795913c03/pci-coronary-artery-plaque-vs-stent-diagram.webp Blogs - PCI (coronary angioplasty and stents): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Top: plaque narrows a coronary artery and squeezes blood flow. Bottom: after PCI, a stent holds the artery open and flow is restored. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/8870065a-cec3-4a5f-95f6-3fc1c141cd61/pci-angina-plaque-narrowing-coronary-artery.webp Blogs - PCI (coronary angioplasty and stents): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out As plaque builds up, the channel for blood gets smaller: (1) healthy artery, (2) moderate narrowing, (3) severe narrowing that can cause angina. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/6d19c940-31a7-4c23-9240-91689980716f/pci-diagram-1-coronary-arteries-narrowing.jpg Blogs - PCI (coronary angioplasty and stents): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out The coronary arteries run over the surface of the heart. The circle magnifies a narrowing caused by plaque, the target for PCI. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/2169b908-12db-4892-becf-86d8e3b7e24c/pci-diagram-2-radial-femoral-access.jpg Blogs - PCI (coronary angioplasty and stents): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Wrist (radial) is the usual route (solid line). Groin (femoral) is used when needed (dashed line). Close-ups: the sheath enters the radial artery just under the skin at the wrist (top) and the larger, deeper femoral artery in the groin (bottom). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/9d914ca6-e508-4197-9ad5-4f374de11827/pci-diagram-3-guide-catheter-guidewire.jpg Blogs - PCI (coronary angioplasty and stents): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out The guide catheter (thick teal tube) sits at the opening of the coronary artery. The guidewire (thin teal line) crosses the narrowing and becomes the rail for the balloon and stent. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/b5e0f248-531a-4c67-a40d-440c2d6c4c2f/pci-diagram-4-balloon-stent-steps.jpg Blogs - PCI (coronary angioplasty and stents): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A: wire across the narrowing. B: balloon inflated to widen it. C: stent expanded on its balloon. D: balloon removed, stent left in place, blood flow restored. The circles show the artery in cross-section at each step. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/04bae4ad-111b-41c4-8255-3c9d8776d047/pci-diagram-5-angiogram-before-after-illustration.jpg Blogs - PCI (coronary angioplasty and stents): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out Illustration of what the final pictures show: before PCI, the arrow points to a tight narrowing; after PCI, the same artery is smooth and open. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5c9c8c17e3abc50001d21a1c/0757669b-66e7-40d3-a9b7-a1e5a981657d/pci-radial-compression-band-wrist-diagram.jpg Blogs - PCI (coronary angioplasty and stents): a Cath Lab 101 guide - Make it stand out A compression band presses on the wrist puncture while the artery seals. 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